Hi guys! I miss you…
The following are our additional lessons for the second quarter. Please take
time to read. Keep safe and let us all pray for peace. See you all soon…
Poetry
Poetry is the expression of a thought, an idea, a concept or a story in a structured form which has a flow and a music created by the sounds and syllables in it.
All types of poetry are often written in several styles. These styles are defined by the number of lines in each stanza, the syllables used in each line or the structures of rhyme used and so on. Here is a list of the main types of poetry commonly used by poets all over the world.
Ballad: This is an old style of writing poetry, which was used to tell stories. A ballad usually has stanzas made up of either seven or eight or ten lines, and ends with a short four or five line stanza. Each stanza ends with the same line, which is called ‘a refrain’.
Couplet: Perhaps the most popular type of poetry used, the couplet has stanzas made up of two lines which rhyme with each other.
Quatrain: This kind of poem has four lines in a stanza, of which the second and fourth lines rhyme with each other and have a similar syllable structure.
Cinquain: This is another unique type of poetry style. As the name suggests, it is made up of five lines. The first line is just one word, which is often the title of the poem. The second line has two words which describe the first line. The third line has three words, and is mostly the action part of the poem. The fourth line is four words describing the feelings. And the fifth line, again, has just one word which is the title of the poem.
Iambic Pentameter: This is a very complicated style of writing poetry, but was often used by classical poets. This style uses the syllable stresses to create the musical sound. There is one short sounding syllable followed by one long sounding syllable, at the end of each of the five stanzas in a row.
Sonnet: This type of poem contains fourteen lines and follows conventional structures of rhyme.
Haiku: This is again a very structured method of writing poetry. This has its origins inJapan
Free Verse: This is a method of writing poetry, which does not essentially follow any structure or style. There is no fixed meter and no structure regarding rhyme and lines in each stanza. This kind of poetry is quite popular with modern poets.
Epic: This poem is usually a long and descriptive one which tells a story. Epics usually are longer than most poems and may even take up a book. Example: Homer’s ‘Iliad’.
Limerick : This is a very witty and
often vulgar kind of a poem, which is quite short. This poem has five lines in
a stanza. The first, second and fifth line have the same metrical structure and
they rhyme with each other. They contain seven to ten syllables each. The
second and fourth lines have the same metrical structure and rhyme with each
other. These contain five to seven syllables.
These are by no means, all types of poetry forms used. But these are the basics. Most poets use these forms and structures while writing their poems. The form and structure of the poem, ideally should not limit the thought or the idea conveyed by the poet. However, these styles of writing help make the poem more musical in its flow.
Poetry is the expression of a thought, an idea, a concept or a story in a structured form which has a flow and a music created by the sounds and syllables in it.
All types of poetry are often written in several styles. These styles are defined by the number of lines in each stanza, the syllables used in each line or the structures of rhyme used and so on. Here is a list of the main types of poetry commonly used by poets all over the world.
Ballad: This is an old style of writing poetry, which was used to tell stories. A ballad usually has stanzas made up of either seven or eight or ten lines, and ends with a short four or five line stanza. Each stanza ends with the same line, which is called ‘a refrain’.
Couplet: Perhaps the most popular type of poetry used, the couplet has stanzas made up of two lines which rhyme with each other.
Quatrain: This kind of poem has four lines in a stanza, of which the second and fourth lines rhyme with each other and have a similar syllable structure.
Cinquain: This is another unique type of poetry style. As the name suggests, it is made up of five lines. The first line is just one word, which is often the title of the poem. The second line has two words which describe the first line. The third line has three words, and is mostly the action part of the poem. The fourth line is four words describing the feelings. And the fifth line, again, has just one word which is the title of the poem.
Iambic Pentameter: This is a very complicated style of writing poetry, but was often used by classical poets. This style uses the syllable stresses to create the musical sound. There is one short sounding syllable followed by one long sounding syllable, at the end of each of the five stanzas in a row.
Sonnet: This type of poem contains fourteen lines and follows conventional structures of rhyme.
Haiku: This is again a very structured method of writing poetry. This has its origins in
Free Verse: This is a method of writing poetry, which does not essentially follow any structure or style. There is no fixed meter and no structure regarding rhyme and lines in each stanza. This kind of poetry is quite popular with modern poets.
Epic: This poem is usually a long and descriptive one which tells a story. Epics usually are longer than most poems and may even take up a book. Example: Homer’s ‘Iliad’.
These are by no means, all types of poetry forms used. But these are the basics. Most poets use these forms and structures while writing their poems. The form and structure of the poem, ideally should not limit the thought or the idea conveyed by the poet. However, these styles of writing help make the poem more musical in its flow.
Edgar
Allan Poe
The
Raven
[First published in 1845]
 |
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I
pondered weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. `'Tis some visitor,' I muttered, `tapping at my chamber door - Only this, and nothing more.' Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December, And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow; - vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow - sorrow for the lost Lenore - For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore - Nameless here for evermore. And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me - filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before; So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating `'Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door - Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door; - This it is, and nothing more,' Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer, `Sir,' said I, `or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore; But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping, And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door, That I scarce was sure I heard you' - here I opened wide the door; - Darkness there, and nothing more. Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before; But the silence was unbroken, and the darkness gave no token, And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, `Lenore!' This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, `Lenore!' Merely this and nothing more. Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning, Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before. `Surely,' said I, `surely that is something at my window lattice; Let me see then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore - Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore; - 'Tis the wind and nothing more!' Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter, In there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of yore. Not the least obeisance made he; not a minute stopped or stayed he; But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door - Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door - Perched, and sat, and nothing more. Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling, By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore, `Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou,' I said, `art sure no craven. Ghastly grim and ancient raven wandering from the nightly shore - Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore!' Quoth the raven, `Nevermore.' Much I marvelled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly, Though its answer little meaning - little relevancy bore; For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door - Bird or beast above the sculptured bust above his chamber door, With such name as `Nevermore.' But the raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only, That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour. Nothing further then he uttered - not a feather then he fluttered - Till I scarcely more than muttered `Other friends have flown before - On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before.' Then the bird said, `Nevermore.' Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken, `Doubtless,' said I, `what it utters is its only stock and store, Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful disaster Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore - Till the dirges of his hope that melancholy burden bore Of "Never-nevermore."' But the raven still beguiling all my sad soul into smiling, Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird and bust and door; Then, upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore - What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore Meant in croaking `Nevermore.' This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core; This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamp-light gloated o'er, But whose velvet violet lining with the lamp-light gloating o'er, She shall press, ah, nevermore! Then, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer Swung by Seraphim whose foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor. `Wretch,' I cried, `thy God hath lent thee - by these angels he has sent thee Respite - respite and nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore! Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe, and forget this lost Lenore!' Quoth the raven, `Nevermore.' `Prophet!' said I, `thing of evil! - prophet still, if bird or devil! - Whether tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore, Desolate yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted - On this home by horror haunted - tell me truly, I implore - Is there - is there balm in Gilead? - tell me - tell me, I implore!' Quoth the raven, `Nevermore.' `Prophet!' said I, `thing of evil! - prophet still, if bird or devil! By that Heaven that bends above us - by that God we both adore - Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn, It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore - Clasp a rare and radiant maiden, whom the angels name Lenore?' Quoth the raven, `Nevermore.' `Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!' I shrieked upstarting - `Get thee back into the tempest and the Night's Plutonian shore! Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken! Leave my loneliness unbroken! - quit the bust above my door! Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door!' Quoth the raven, `Nevermore.' And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door; And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming, And the lamp-light o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor; And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor Shall be lifted - nevermore! |
|
The Road Not Taken
Two roads
diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim
Because it was grassy and wanted wear,
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same,
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black.
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way
I doubted if I should ever come back.
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I,
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim
Because it was grassy and wanted wear,
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same,
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black.
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way
I doubted if I should ever come back.
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I,
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
( Note: Give the overall interpretation of the two
poems – short bond paper)
MODIFIERS
In many sentences, the Modifiers might have been misplaced.
They should be placed properly so as the make the sentences correct ones.
As we have seen already, the Adjective and the Adverb are modifying thesentences.
So they are called so.
An Adjective is the word that gives some additional information about the noun.
An Adverb is the word that gives some additional information about the verb or anadjective or another adverb.
Both these adjective and adverb are called the modifiers.
An adjective need not be a single word, but can be phrase consisting of many words or can even be a full subordinate clause with its own subject and predicate.
Adjectival Modifiers:
The modifiers of adjective are called the Adjectival Modifiers.
Examples:
• A number of applications received for the jobs.
• Puny and silent, George generally goes unnoticed in any group.
• The stem in the part of the brain that connects the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
Adverbial Modifiers:
The modifiers of adverbs are called the Adverbial Modifiers.
Examples:
• Do not walk that fast. I could not keep face with you.
• A Member of the Parliament should not vote in the house before he takes the oath of allegation to the Constitution.
These modifiers, in few sentences, might have been misplaced.
We have to set it right to see that the sentence goes right.
Example-1:
• Having apologized for the misbehavior, the teacher permitted the student to reenter the class room.
As per this sentence, it is only the teacher who misbehaved. Who apologized to whom?
Did the student apologized to the teacher or the teacher apologized to the student in the class?
But the author of this sentence indented to say that after the student, who misbehaved, apologized, And then the teacher permitted them to reenter the class room.
In this case, this given sentence should be corrected as.
• Having apologized for misbehavior, the student was permitted by the teacher to reenter the class room.
Note:
The participle should be used for the subject for which is intended.
Example-2:
• Attempting to smuggle Gold, the customs officials detained the passenger.
Who attempted to smuggle Gold?
The customs officials or the Passenger?
Certainly, it is only the passenger who might have attempted to smuggle Gold.
So this given sentence should be corrected as:
• Attempting to smuggle Gold, the passenger was detained by the customs officials.
Example-3:
• Walking along the edge of the lake, the fish suddenly jumped out and fell near me.
Who walked along the edge of the lake?
Is it the fish?
Certainly no
SO this sentence should be corrected as.
• Walking along the edge of the lake, I found that a fish suddenly jumped out and fell near me.
Example-4:
• Having paid the fine, the police-officer allowed the car-driver to go.
Who paid the fine?
The police-officer or the car-driver…
Certainly it only the car-driver…
This sentence should be corrected as:
• Having paid the fine, the car-driver was allowed by the police-officer to go.
Example-5:
Possessing fifteen legs, I have never seen such a creature in my life.
Who is possessing fifteen legs?
Is it I or the creature?
Certainly it is only the creature.
So the correct sentence is:
Possessing fifteen legs, this creature is never seen by me in my life.
Few more examples have been given here with the correct version for your kind attention.
1. Frail and weak, the heavy cart could not be drawn over the gradient by the bullock. (Incorrect)
Frail and weak, the bullock could not draw the heavy cart over the gradient. (Correct)
2. Banned in India, I could not bring the book ‘Satanic Verses’ into the country. (Incorrect)
Banned in India, The book ‘Satanic Verses’ could not be brought to the country by me. (Correct)
3. Delightfully cooked by his father, Clinton loves peas. (Incorrect)
Delightfully cooked by his father, the peas were loved by Clinton. (Correct)
4. Though faded because of rough use, she wore the red-sari for the function. (Incorrect)
Though faded because of rough use, the red-sari was worn by her for the function. (Correct)
5. Dug out from fifty feet below the ground, the archaeologist determined the age of the pottery as over thousand years. (Incorrect)
Dug out from fifty feet below the ground, the potter was determined by the archaeologist as a thousand-year old one. (Correct)
6. After paying for the books, the salesman gave me a calendar as a free compliment. (Incorrect)
After paying for the books, I was given a calendar by the salesman as a free compliment. (Correct)
7. Even after being dead for 150 years, many people still admire the music of Beethoven. (Incorrect)
Even after being dead for 150 years, still Beethoven was admired for his music by many people. (Correct)
8. After taking my seat in the plane, the air-hostess offered me chocolates. (Incorrect)
After taking my seat in the plane, I was offered chocolates by the air-hostess. (Correct)
9. By installing small electric pumps, farmers’ houses could be heated by warmth from cows’ milk, according to one agricultural engineer. (Incorrect)
By installing small electric pumps, farmers, according to one agricultural engineer, could use the warmth from cows’ milk to heat their houses. (Correct)
10. Coming late to the office for the third time in a week, the manager cut the peon’s salary for a day. (Incorrect)
Coming late to the office for the third time in a week, the peon had his salary for a day cut by the manager. (Correct)
In many sentences, the Modifiers might have been misplaced.
They should be placed properly so as the make the sentences correct ones.
As we have seen already, the Adjective and the Adverb are modifying thesentences.
So they are called so.
An Adjective is the word that gives some additional information about the noun.
An Adverb is the word that gives some additional information about the verb or anadjective or another adverb.
Both these adjective and adverb are called the modifiers.
An adjective need not be a single word, but can be phrase consisting of many words or can even be a full subordinate clause with its own subject and predicate.
Adjectival Modifiers:
The modifiers of adjective are called the Adjectival Modifiers.
Examples:
• A number of applications received for the jobs.
• Puny and silent, George generally goes unnoticed in any group.
• The stem in the part of the brain that connects the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
Adverbial Modifiers:
The modifiers of adverbs are called the Adverbial Modifiers.
Examples:
• Do not walk that fast. I could not keep face with you.
• A Member of the Parliament should not vote in the house before he takes the oath of allegation to the Constitution.
These modifiers, in few sentences, might have been misplaced.
We have to set it right to see that the sentence goes right.
Example-1:
• Having apologized for the misbehavior, the teacher permitted the student to reenter the class room.
As per this sentence, it is only the teacher who misbehaved. Who apologized to whom?
Did the student apologized to the teacher or the teacher apologized to the student in the class?
But the author of this sentence indented to say that after the student, who misbehaved, apologized, And then the teacher permitted them to reenter the class room.
In this case, this given sentence should be corrected as.
• Having apologized for misbehavior, the student was permitted by the teacher to reenter the class room.
Note:
The participle should be used for the subject for which is intended.
Example-2:
• Attempting to smuggle Gold, the customs officials detained the passenger.
Who attempted to smuggle Gold?
The customs officials or the Passenger?
Certainly, it is only the passenger who might have attempted to smuggle Gold.
So this given sentence should be corrected as:
• Attempting to smuggle Gold, the passenger was detained by the customs officials.
Example-3:
• Walking along the edge of the lake, the fish suddenly jumped out and fell near me.
Who walked along the edge of the lake?
Is it the fish?
Certainly no
SO this sentence should be corrected as.
• Walking along the edge of the lake, I found that a fish suddenly jumped out and fell near me.
Example-4:
• Having paid the fine, the police-officer allowed the car-driver to go.
Who paid the fine?
The police-officer or the car-driver…
Certainly it only the car-driver…
This sentence should be corrected as:
• Having paid the fine, the car-driver was allowed by the police-officer to go.
Example-5:
Possessing fifteen legs, I have never seen such a creature in my life.
Who is possessing fifteen legs?
Is it I or the creature?
Certainly it is only the creature.
So the correct sentence is:
Possessing fifteen legs, this creature is never seen by me in my life.
Few more examples have been given here with the correct version for your kind attention.
1. Frail and weak, the heavy cart could not be drawn over the gradient by the bullock. (Incorrect)
Frail and weak, the bullock could not draw the heavy cart over the gradient. (Correct)
2. Banned in India, I could not bring the book ‘Satanic Verses’ into the country. (Incorrect)
Banned in India, The book ‘Satanic Verses’ could not be brought to the country by me. (Correct)
3. Delightfully cooked by his father, Clinton loves peas. (Incorrect)
Delightfully cooked by his father, the peas were loved by Clinton. (Correct)
4. Though faded because of rough use, she wore the red-sari for the function. (Incorrect)
Though faded because of rough use, the red-sari was worn by her for the function. (Correct)
5. Dug out from fifty feet below the ground, the archaeologist determined the age of the pottery as over thousand years. (Incorrect)
Dug out from fifty feet below the ground, the potter was determined by the archaeologist as a thousand-year old one. (Correct)
6. After paying for the books, the salesman gave me a calendar as a free compliment. (Incorrect)
After paying for the books, I was given a calendar by the salesman as a free compliment. (Correct)
7. Even after being dead for 150 years, many people still admire the music of Beethoven. (Incorrect)
Even after being dead for 150 years, still Beethoven was admired for his music by many people. (Correct)
8. After taking my seat in the plane, the air-hostess offered me chocolates. (Incorrect)
After taking my seat in the plane, I was offered chocolates by the air-hostess. (Correct)
9. By installing small electric pumps, farmers’ houses could be heated by warmth from cows’ milk, according to one agricultural engineer. (Incorrect)
By installing small electric pumps, farmers, according to one agricultural engineer, could use the warmth from cows’ milk to heat their houses. (Correct)
10. Coming late to the office for the third time in a week, the manager cut the peon’s salary for a day. (Incorrect)
Coming late to the office for the third time in a week, the peon had his salary for a day cut by the manager. (Correct)
Dangling Modifiers
A Dangling Modifier is a close relative of misplaced modifier. In a sentence involving dangling modifier, the noun which the phrase really modifies will be missing, we ourselves have to supply an appropriate noun with reference to the context.
Example-1:
• Before shifting the hospitals from the present location, the public must be consulted.
In this sentence, it is not clear who is shifting the hospitals.
So the adjective ‘before shifting the hospitals’ is dangling without an appropriate noun for it.
The correct sentence is:
• Before shifting the hospitals from the present location, the officials should consult the public.
So is only the officials who will shift the hospitals therefore it is only they who should consult the public.
Example-2:
• Using the Doppler ultrasound device, fatal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy.
In this sentence also, it is not clear who is using the Doppler ultrasound device?
So the correct sentence is:
• Using the Doppler ultrasound device, the doctors can detect fatal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy.
A sentence without a misplaced modifier and a dangling modifier will always add beauty.
JOURNALISM
Journalism is the activity, or product, of journalists or others engaged in
the preparation of written, visual, or audio material intended for
dissemination through public media with reference to factual, ongoing events of
public concern. It is intended to inform society about itself and to make events
public that would otherwise remain private.[1]
In modern society, news media are the chief purveyor of information and
opinion about public affairs. Journalism, however, is not to be confused with
the news media or the news itself. In some nations, the news media is
government-controlled and not an independent body that operates within journalistic
frameworks. In
democratic societies, access to information can play a key role in a system of
checks and balances designed to limit the overreach of powers concentrated in
governments, businesses and other entities and individuals. Access to
verifiable information gathered by independent media sources adhering to
journalistic standards can also provide ordinary citizens with the tools they
need to participate in the political process.
The role and status of journalism, along with
mass media, have undergone profound changes resulting from the publication of
news on the Internet.[3] This has created a shift away from print media consumption as
people increasingly consume news on e-readers, smartphones, and other
electronic devices, challenging news organizations to fully monetize digital
news.
FORMS OF JOURNALISM
There are several different forms of
journalism, all with different intended audiences. In modern society,
"prestige" journalism is said to serve the role of a "fourth estate", acting as watchdogs on the workings of
government. Other forms of journalism feature different formats and cater to
different intended audiences.[7]
Some forms include:
·
Advocacy journalism –
writing to advocate particular viewpoints or influence the opinions of the
audience.
·
Broadcast journalism –
writing or speaking which is intended to be distributed by radio or television broadcasting, rather than only in written form for readers.
·
Gonzo journalism –
first championed by journalist Hunter S. Thompson, gonzo
journalism is a "highly personal style of reporting".[9]
·
Investigative
journalism – writing which seeks to add extra information to
explain, or better describe the people and events of a particular topic.
·
Photojournalism –
storytelling through images.
·
Tabloid journalism –
writing which uses opinionated or wild claims.
15 tIPS ON NEWS WRITING FOR YOUNG JOURNALIST
- Decide what the story is really about
and put that at the top. If you are doing a profile story on another
student, you don’t begin with “Susan Smith was born on …”
- Unless the story is about something
historical, you do not begin any story with “On Monday, Oct. 14 at 2 p.m.
in the school auditorium…”
- As a reporter, you have the
opportunity to not write about events in chronological order. If the most
important part of the event happened near the end, that belongs at the
beginning of the story, not near the end. If the most important part of
the interview came in the middle, that belongs at the top of the story,
not the middle.
- Any time you can find more the one
word to say something, use the simplest, clearest, most precise word.
Example: use “said,” not “commented” or “stated.”
- Write to be understood, not to be
admired. Write for the reader, not for yourself, If you do this, the
reader will admire your writing.
- Avoid using too many adverbs and
adjectives, Avoid “very” and “really.” Avoid starting sentences with “They
are,” There is,” “It is.”
- “News story,” “feature story,” and
“sports story,” do not have “I” in them. Instead, they have an “eye” in
them, because the reporter must be able to see what has happened and who
said what and who did what to be able to report that in the story.
- Because of that, all news writing must
be absolutely true, absolutely accurate.
- Generally, news stories, feature
stories and sports stories are written in the past tense and in the active
voice.
- Generally, news stories, feature
stories and sports stories are written in one- or two-sentence paragraphs.
- Quotes always start in their own
paragraphs.
- While you should not start a story
with a quote, you can end a story with a quote. In fact, a quote is the
best way to end a story. Stories do not end with a reporter’s summary or
conclusion or subjective comment.
- Because news, feature and sports
stories are forms of information, they don’t need underlining, bold face,
italics, all capital letters or exclamation points for emphasis.
- Finish the story before you begin to
think of the headline. If you try to write the headline before you write
the story, your headline might cause your story to go in the wrong direction.
- You should be able to write a headline
that generally describes the whole story from just the first four
paragraphs. Those paragraphs are the lead of the story, and if they do not
tell the reader what the whole story is about, they should be rewritten.
(
NOTE: Make a news article about the Zamboanga Siege – Short Bond Paper)
to be passed when classes
resume…..
Brevity, Redundancy, tautology and Pleonasm
Pleonasms are the opposites (antonyms) of
oxymora. A pleonasm consists of two concepts (usually two words) that are
redundant. What does “redundant” mean? Well, how about “more than enough;
overabundant; excess; and superfluous”? Still having a problem understanding
what pleonasm means? Some pleonastic expressions are also known as tautologies.
Tautology means, “needless repetition of an idea in a different word, phrase,
or sentence; redundancy; pleonasm.” What about pleonasm? It means, “the use of
more words than are necessary for the expression of an idea; redundancy.” So it
is that we go around in circles: pleonasm means tautology, which means
redundancy, which means pleonasm, which means tautology, ad infinitum.
Tautologous expressions are often used in
legal documents for clarification of meaning; such as, “will and testament” and
“breaking and entering”. This practice may have been a result of expressing
English documents with a mixture of Anglo-Saxon and French or Latin terms. When
early writers weren’t sure if both designations had the same meaning or that
others might not have a clear understanding of the French or Latin, they
apparently included terms from both the Anglo-Saxon and the “foreign” words
side by side, just to be sure others understood what was meant; this is
according to David Crystal in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language.
Pleonasms: Redundant,
repetitious phrases
Pleonasm is a term used in
Literature and English Grammar classes. It is derived from the Greek word
“pleon” meaning “excessive or abundant.” Pleonasms are the opposites, or
antonyms, of oxymora which are contradicting terms used together. Although
easily confused and mixed-up with oxymora, pleonasm is redundant phrasing.
Common examples of pleonasms in
writing include:
- burning fire
- cash money
- end result
- all together
- invited guests
A pleonasm is also considered
to be a tautology. While the word tautology also means “excessive phrasing,”
tautologies are found in legal documents. There are two reasons:
1. All legal language contains
a mixture of both English phrases as well as French and Latin phrases. The
tautologies and pleonasms in legal documents often contain one word derived
from the English language and one from the French or Latin language.
2. Often one word is used to
define the other word in legal documents. This includes phrases such as:
- null and void
- will and testament
- cease and desist
Pleonasms are also commonly
found paired with acronyms. Examples include:
- ATM machine
- HIV virus
- RAM memory
Because ATM stands for
Automatic Teller Machine, the phrase “ATM machine,” if said aloud would
translate to “Automatic Teller Machine machine.”
Pleonasms may be used in
stylistic writings, such as plays or poetry. If used in this manner, they must
be approached with caution, as the overuse of them will result in cliched
writing. Consider the phrase:
“She wept tears of joy.”
“Wept tears” is the pleonasm.
For stylistic purposes, the phrase works, as saying, “She wept.” would be terse
and brief.
Using pleonasms in everyday
speech makes one appear long-winded. The excessive use of pleonasms in writing
pieces makes a paper appear to be full of “fluff” or “filler” content.
See some great examples below:
Please contribute any pleonasms
you may come across from the media and let’s make this list even more
significant as it expands.
ABM missile
ABS system
absolutely essential
absolutely necessary
a cappella without music
AC current
ACT test
active weather —From a Canadian
contributor.
advance forward
advance scouting *
advance warning
affirmative yes
affluent rich *
aid and abet
A known carcinogen suspected of
causing cancer
As seen in a report on WHIO
Television following a 1986 train wreck in Ohio. The wreck spilled thousands of
gallons of Xylene, a known carcinogen.
A.M. in the morning
AMOCO Oil Co.
an anachronism in his own time
*
and etc.
anonymous stranger
APL programing language
armed assault and holdup *
ascend up
ATM machine
attach together
at this point in time [“At this
time” or “At this point” is more than adequate and is preferable!] —From a
Canadian contributor.
autobiography of my life
automatic ATM machine
bad evil
BASIC code
basic fundamentals
beautiful vista to look out
upon *
blood hemorrhage
boat marina *
both football teams were
deadlocked at halftime *
breaking and entering
buried and suffocated to death
*
CAD design
cash money
CAUTION
WATER ON ROAD
DURING
RAINAs seen on a highway sign
cease and desist
circulated around
classic tradition
classify into groups
climb up
close proximity
close scrutiny
CNN news network
co-equal partners *
cold frost
cold ice
collaborate together
combined together
commuting back and forth
completely annihilated
completely blind
completely deaf
completely destroyed
completely empty
completely expired
completely filled
completely full
completely throughly
completely unanimous
component parts
connect up together
conniption fit
consecutive extra points in a
row *
constant nagging
continuing on
couture fashion
current incumbent *
dark night
DC current
dead corpse
definite decision
descend down
diametrically opposed
different variation *
DMZ zone
doctorate degree
DOS operating system
downward descent
dry ice
each and every
each per capita *
eliminate altogether
empty hole
empty space
end result
entirely eliminating
essential necessity
exact replica
exact same
exactly the same
existing condition
experiment someone was just
trying out *
extra added features
extreme hazard
favorable approval *
federal deficit
fellow colleague
final end
final showdown *
first conceived *
following below
forced compulsion
foreign imports
former graduate (of an
educational institution) *
former veteran *
frank candor *
free gift
free gratis
freezing cold
full satisfaction
frozen ice
frozen tundra
general consensus of opinion
give and bequeath
GMT time
good benefit
good luck
good success *
good success *
government deficit
grand total
grateful thanks
growing greater
half a dozen of one and six of
another
handwritten manuscript
hard rock (as in Hard Rock
Cafe?)
have and hold
hear with one’s own ears
HIV virus
hot fire
hot water heater
imminent at any moment *
individual person
indulgent patience
inquisitive busybody
intentional planning
invited guests
irregardless *
ISDN network
join together
joint collaboration
joint cooperation
killed dead
knowledgeable experts
last will and testament
LCD display
LED diode
lesbian women or lesbian woman
literate-English teachers
literate readers
little animalcules
little baby
live witness
living legend in his own time *
long-chronic illness
long litany
major breakthrough
malignant cancer
manually by hand
many frequent
marital spouse
may possibly
meandering back and forth and
all around *
mental thought
merge together
mesa table
missing gaps *
mutual cooperation
microdot
modern colleges of today
Mount Fujiyama (Mount Mountain)
more easier
more than unique–it’s
practically one of a kind *
mutual confidence *
NATO organization
near proximity
necessary essentials
negative misfortune
negative no
never, ever
new discovery *
new innovations *
new neophyte
new recruit
nocturnal-night vampires
nomenclature terms
nonreading illiterates
normal, everyday
nostalgia for the past *
not sufficient enough *
null and void
obsolete thing of the past *
old adage
old customs
old senior citizens
only unique (person, place, or
thing)
oral conversation *
original founder
original source
over again
overdone this a little too much
*
overused cliche
outside in the yard
pair of twins *
past experience
past history
past tradition *
PC Computer
perfectly legitimate
persistent obsession
personal friend
personal friendship
personal individual
pizza pie
plane flying aloft in the air
above *
play actor
please RSVP
P.M. in the evening
poisonous venoms
polar opposites
positive yes
postponed until later
potentially capable *
pre planning
present incumbent
previously listed above
PR press releases
pruned out
quite unique
rags and tatters
real actual
recently new
receded back *
re-continuation *
redundancies, tautologies, and
pleonasms
redundant redundancies
redundant repetitions
refer back
regular routine
religious holiday
repeat again
repeated redundancies
repetitious redundancies
resulting effects
retreating back
return back
revert back
rice paddy
Rio Grande River (Big River
River)
root cause
round circle
round wheels
ruling junta *
safe haven (donated by Frances
in Australia)
safe sanctuary *
safe sanctuary *
Sahara desert
SCSI Interface
see with one’s own eyes
seedling plant
serious danger
sharp point
shape and form
sin taxes
sink down
small speck
specific examples
stellar astronomers
string together
staged scenario
successful achievement
sudden impulse
suffered poorly *
surrounded on all sides *
sum total
technical jargon
temporary reprieve
the hoi polloi (hoi means
“the”)
The La Brea Tar Pits (The The
Tar Tar Pits)
The Los Altos Hills (The The
Hills Hills)
tiny speck
top priority
total destruction
totally blind
totally deaf
totally demolished
totally empty
totally full
totally unnecessary
true facts
tuna fish
12 o’clock midnight (or 12
midnight)
12 o’clock noon (or 12 noon)
two-man tandem *
two-person tandem *
ultimate goal
undergraduate student
unexpected emergency
unexpected surprise
unhealthy sickness
university college students
unmarried bachelor
unmarried old maid
unnecessary redundancies *
unsolved mystery
usual custom
useless and unnecessary
vacillating back and forth *
visible with your own eyes *
wall mural
watching and observing
water hydrant
wet water
widow woman
widow of the late (Whoever) *
widower man
will and testament
with au jus
wordy and verbose
world-wide-pandemic disease
(heard on CNN from “health expert”)
youthful teenagers
* The pleonasms followed by an
asterisk (*) came from an essay, “The Affluent Rich” by Nat Boynton in his
book,Media Rare.
Now, as with the oxymora, we
include pleonasms in sentences; some of them are from the mouths of famous
celebrities.
It’s deja vu all over again.
-attributed to Yogi Berra
“Smoking can kill you, and if
you’ve been killed, you’ve lost a very important part of your life.”
-attributed to Brooke Shields
Lead-lined coffins called a
health risk.
Census says rich have most of the
money. (news item)
Cliches are a dime a
dozen–avoid them like the plague.
Cure suggestibility with
hypnosis.
I’ve told you a million times,
“Don’t exaggerate!”
Is that a mirage or am I seeing
things?
It’s bad luck to be
superstitious.
I used to be an agnostic, but
now I’m not so sure.
Sometimes you can observe a lot
just by watching. -attributed to Yogi Berra
Half the lies our opponents
tell about us are not true.
Football is an incredible game.
Sometimes it’s so incredible, it’s unbelievable. -Tom Landry
When large numbers of men are
unable to find work, unemployment results. -Calvin Coolidge
Anyone who goes to a
psychiatrist ought to have his head examined. -Samuel Goldwyn
I never make predictions,
especially about the future. -Attributed to Samuel Goldwyn
“In the city today, the
temperature rose to 105 degrees. This sudden rise of temperature was
responsible for the intolerable heat.”
“Trapped, like a trap in a trap.”
-Dorothy Parker
I used to be indecisive, now
I’m not sure.
He lived his life to the end.
Some people are superficial but
that’s just on the surface.
The world is apathetic but I
don’t care.
Always avoid alliteration.
Treachery will often bring
loyalty into question.
Perspective is in the eye of
the beholder.
“If we do not succeed, we run
the risk of failure.” -attributed to former Vice-President Dan Quayle
“Seen somewhere in the U.S. —
“Fish and chips with French fries.”
Walang komento:
Mag-post ng isang Komento