Social Studies: Grade 7 (Philippine History)

Zamboanga Chong Hua High School

Social Studies

Philippine History

Second Grading Lecture

Colonial Government

(pg. 66 -78)

Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines lasted for 333 years. It started in 1565 when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi set foot in Cebu and later conquered the islands and the natives. When conquered Manila in 1571, Spain formally declared the Philippines its colony through the Consejo de Indias, the council that administered the appointment of officials in a Spanish colony. The viceroy, the local leader of Mexico and Peru, was under the direct control of this council. Mexico and Peru were Spanish colonies before the Philippines was colonized.

Reduccion– comes from the Spanish word reducirwhich means “to change, reduce limit, and return to the former arrangement.

Decreto superior – a power in which the governor-general could issue decrees which had the same effects as that of laws.

Cumplase– a power in which the governor-general could also suspend any law issued by the king of Spain if he believed it was not applicable to the colony

Real Audiencia – the Supreme Court in the country during the Spanish time

                Spanish-colonized territories in the archipelago were divided into encomiendas. The size of an encomienda was determined based on the people living in the area which did not exceed 300.

Cabeza de barangay – the barangay leader

Gobernadorcillo – the highest government position given to a native.

Principalia– which of its members came from traditional ruling families

               

The econcomiendas were later replaced by the alcaldiaheaded by the alcalde mayor who was appointed by the governor-general after consulting with the Real Audencia. The alcaldia covered the lands that had been colonized.

The first alcaldiacovered Bulacan, Calumpit, Laguna de Bay, Tondo, Balayan, Bondon, Caliraya, Camarines, Arevalo, and Cebu.

The alcalde mayor’s annual salary was only 300 pesos, but he was allowed to put up his own business. This privilege is known as the indulto de comercio.

Audiencia– was composed of a president (who was the governor-general), four judges, a fiscal, and other officials

Juez de Residencia- a court establish to examine the performance and conduct of outgoing officials. This court heard complaints filed against any erring government official.

Bandala– under this system, all provinces were required to sell certain volume of agricultural products to the central government at lower prices.

Polo y Servicios– economic policy imposed by the Spaniards on Filipinos, particularly males aged 16 – 60 years old. Under this policy, they were forced to render personal service for 40 days to help complete different projects.

The Church and the Spread of Catholicism

Augustinian priests were the first to arrive with the early Spanish expeditions in 1565. The king entrusted to them the natives of Pangasinan, Ilocos, Bataan, Cebu, Panay, and other provinces in Luzon and Visayas. They helped in the establishment of at least 385 towns and parochial churches.

The Franciscanscame in 1577. They converted the natives of Bicol, Tayabas, Manila, Laguna, and the towns in present-day Rizal. They established 233 towns.

In 1581, the Jesuits arrived in the Philippines and were assigned in Manila, Leyte, Bohol, Cebu, Samar, and Mindanao. They put up schools in their mission areas.

The Dominican priests arrived in 1587 and were deployed in Manila, Cagayan Valley, Pangasinan, and other provinces in Luzon. In 1611, they founded the Colegio de NuestraSeňoradelSantisismo Rosario, known today as the University of Santo Tomas (UST).

TheRecollect priests known as the Recoletos were the last to arrive in the archipelago. They converted the natives of Manila, Zambales, Bataan, Mindoro, Burrias, Ticao, Palawan, Mindanao, Negros, Tablas, and Calamianes.

Higher Education was open only them to male children of the principaleswhere they were taught Spanish, music, and Christian doctrine. The first printing press in the Philippines was put up by the Dominican missionaries. It published two of the first books in the country known as the DoctrinaChrstiana en LenguaEspaňola y Tagala and the Doctrina Christiana en Letra y Lengua China.

The first bishop to arrive in Manila in 1581 was Father Domingo de Salazar, a dominican. He immediately filed a protest against the abusive encomenderos. He also suggested that Manila be made to an archdiocese overseeing all the dioceses and parishes in the Philippines.

A system known as Patronado Real was observed in selecting candidates in various positions in the church.  Recommendations for these positions were made by the king. But while the king had the privilege of recommending people for the position of archbishop or bishop, the governor-general had the power to appoint parish priests in the name of the king.

Peninsulares – Spanish who were born in Spain but who lived in the Philippines. This included the governor-general, archbishop of Manila, and ranking government officials.

Creoles – Spanish who were born in Spanish colonies such as Mexico, Peru, and Puerto Rico, and who lived in the Philippines.

Filipino Insulares–those who born Spanish parents in the Philippines. All natives of the Philippines were collectively called indios.The Chinese were called sangley. Children of an indio and a sangley were called mestizo sangley, while children of a sangley and a Spaniard were called mestizo Espaňol.

Note: also, please study pg. 53 – 64, and read in advance “Native Revolts and Uprisings” (pg. 82 -95)

Reference: CHRONICLES IN A CHANGING WORLD

Prepared by:

                                                                                                                      Mr. Joey B. Tubaga

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